Monday, November 2, 2026 

EOTO: Positive Outlook 

The founding of Tuskegee University in 1881 

The founding of Tuskegee University is an important part of American history. The school was established in Tuskegee, Alabama, on July 4, 1881, during a time when educational opportunities for African Americans were extremely limited.

According to the National Park Service, Tuskegee began as a school focused on training African American teachers. Its first class consisted of about 30 adult students, and the school did not have its own permanent campus when it opened.

One of the most important people behind Tuskegee's creation was Lewis Adams. Adams was born into slavery but understood the importance that education could have for African Americans after emancipation. He helped push for the establishment of a school where Black students could receive an education.

Lewis Adams continued supporting Tuskegee after it opened. He served on its first governing board and helped students learn skilled trades. His involvement showed that Tuskegee was built not only through the work of national leaders, but also through the efforts of members of the local Black community. More about his role can be found through the National Park Service's history of Lewis Adams.

Booker T. Washington became Tuskegee's founding principal in 1881 and played a major role in developing the school. Washington believed students should receive a traditional education while also learning practical skills that could help them find work and support themselves

Under Washington's leadership, students learned skills connected to agriculture, carpentry, brickmaking, and other trades. Students even helped construct buildings as the campus expanded. His leadership eventually helped transform Tuskegee from a small school into a nationally recognized institution. The Tuskegee University History and Mission page provides more information about this development.

George Washington Carver became another major figure in Tuskegee's history. He was not an original founder, but he joined the faculty in 1896 and became known for his work in agriculture and science. His research helped educate Tuskegee students while also providing farmers with information about improving their farming practices.

Tuskegee's early years were far from easy. The school had limited money, supplies, equipment, and buildings. Although Alabama provided funding for teachers' salaries, Washington still needed to raise additional money to help the institution expand.

AI DISCLOSURE: AI was used heavily on this assignment. I put in a detailed prompt into Claude AI to write a 500-600 word blog post about the reconstruction part I was tasked to do. I also asked AI to include embedded links to reliable sources. 

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 Tuesday, November 3, 2026

Plessy v. Ferguson Mock Trial Reaction

Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 case

     

In class today, I was a part of the audience that watched the two mock trial teams in the case of Plessy V Ferguson, with the first team being the team defending Plessy. These are some facts I wrote down about the case and some things I already knew about the case. Homer Plessy was a black man who could “pass” and live in white society. He bought a first-class ticket for a white car illegally and was fined under the Separate Car Act, with the defending side asking whether this violated his rights under the 14th Amendment.

They argued the Constitution should not play into a citizen’s legal rights because of race. Plessy was not drunk or disorderly; he simply was there and had to face consequences for it.

Citizens who purchase tickets and obey the laws have a right to equal service, and Plessy paid an equal fare for an equal seat.

Segregation, they said, is unjust and unconstitutional, and bad for the community. It teaches children racism; do we want children to grow up this way? 

It also has costs that affect the entire nation: separation causes unnecessary confusion, may leave valuable seating unused, harms workers and users, and risks businesses losing supporters and customers.       

                           

Now, for the side that is defending Ferguson, we have to look at the Separate Car Act because that act does not treat people differently; they are separated but treated equally. Louisiana did not invent this law, but it happens everywhere.

The 13th and 14th Amendments did not allow races and social life to mix, and they do not reach private, social distinctions. 

The 13th abolished slavery and did nothing more, and the 14th made people equal only by law, not through social mingling. The Congress that drafted the 14th knew of the rulings and left it anyway.

To honor order is not hatred; it’s humility. Inferiority lies not in the act, only in the meaning itself. 

No society has been able to exist without some form of social expectations, and the idea of separate institutions has existed for generations. Whether someone approves is not the issue here. Law cannot overcome social customs.      

 Monday, November 2, 2026 

         Reconstruction Era Documentary 

Portraits of important historical figures of the Reconstruction Era.

While watching the Reconstruction video, I was able to see many events that I and I would think most people probably don't know about. It showed things like what life was like for Black people after the Civil War. It also told us that life for people in New Orleans was very hard and filled with violence all around. Black communities in New Orleans were frequently attacked by white mobs, and at least 48 people died from these attacks. 

There had to be a change, as what was happening to people in the black communties were devestving and needed to be addressed immediately, so some actions were taken to try to stop the violence happening and the risk of future violence against black people.  But with Survivors of these attacks, like Lucy Tibbs, testifying to Congress, it helped to bring widespread attention to this issue and helped in the process of solving it.

 

During the 1800s, the 14th Amendment became one of the most important laws, as it established a birthright to citizenship in the country. So basically, if you were born in the country, then the state cannot deny any person due process or equal protection under the law.

The 14th Amendment also made it so that southern states had to allow black men to vote in the country and they could hold office.

I

In 1867, activists and army officers were able to register black voters across the South. The share of black men nationwide who could vote rose from being under 1% at the start of the year to more than 80% by the end of the year. That year, Congress also divided the Confederacy into five military districts, which US generals oversaw. 

Although many people were against black people in the aftermath of the Civil War, there were still some people who were actually fighting with them. For example, poor farmers were one of the alies that they had with them because they both wanted the same thing: better conditions for farmers and both races. 

To conclude, I think video is a very good insight and a way to see how history treats change in the country. As many people did not want to change and did not like change in general, the change that happened during the Reconstruction era was one of the best changes this country has gone through and helped to make this country what it is today.

 Monday, October 19, 2026 

Gone With The Wind (Reaction Post)

Scarlett and Rhett embracing against a fiery sunset.

In class today, we watched the first half of the movie Gone with the Wind. While watching this movie, it was an interesting experience because I was able to see how a movie made a long time ago can still be entertaining and be better than a lot of movies that come out today. The film explores a very niche concept of how the effects of war can have an impact on a person's life, different relationships, and social expectations. Before watching the movie, I was expecting a very slow, boring, and just a retelling of how the war went, but I was surprised by how much the story reveals about what the characters had to live through. The film also shows how the South was portrayed, as well as how the history is presented through the perspectives of white wealthy southerners.  

The most entertaining character, in my opinion, by far is Scarlett O'Hara. At the beginning of the film, she is a very typically spoiled, selfish rich girl who was accustomed to getting whatever she wanted. She loves the attention she gets and knows she can use her beauty and her charm to manipulate the people around her.  Scarlett's feelings for Ashley Wilkes are a major part of her character because it is easily noticeable that she is struggling with the fact that he is going to marry someone else. This is shown when, after she knows he is going to marry someone else, she continues to pursue him, showing that her pride and her stubbornness prevent her from seeing situations clearly. Throughout this part of the movie I found just seeing her on the screen to be very frustrating but also iat the same time she was so confident and determined that you were still interested in her character.  With this, I am curious to see how the war will affect her personality and how she will change.       

Rhett Butler was also someone who stands out as one of the most entertaining characters so far because he is also very confident, outspoken, and surprisingly willing to challenge the expectations of Southern society. He is different than almost every character because Rhett is not concerned with his image or following all the social rules and norms. His interactions with Scarlett are intriguing because he can see her selfishness and is not fooled by her charm. Their conversations usually contain a lot of humor and competition. I think that Rhett understands Scarlett more than she understands herself, which is why their relationship is so complicated. Although there is some attraction between them, their personalities create conflicts and get in the way. Making their relationship one of the most intriguing storylines I want to see developed in the film.

                                                                                                                                                                   

    As the film progresses, I was able to see how the Civil War begins to change all the characters' lives. Earlier on in the movie, the characters are focused on parties and social statuses. They seemed to believe that their comfortable lifestyles would continue without any major interruptions. However, as the war approached, the mood of the film shifted. The excitement surrounding the conflict initially made it seem like some sort of adventure or just another stepping stone, but the consequences were very serious. The war threatened the security and traditions that have shaped all their lives. This change made me have to think about how people sometimes fail to understand the seriousness of a major event until it directly affects them. 

Altogether, the first part of the movie was able to hold my attention because of the memorable characters, dramatic relationships, and all the changes that happened throughout the movie. Scarlett is not always likable, but with all of her determination, it makes her a compelling character.  The approaching war also creates uncertainty about what will happen to the characters and their way of life. After the intermission, I want to see how Scarlett responds as the world she knows begins to fall apart. I expect the challenges ahead to reveal what t her character truly is and if she will be able to move past her selfishness so she can be more independent. The film has been engaging and has also reminded me of the importance of questioning how movies portray history and whose experiences they emphasize.   

Trial/EOTO #1 Reax Post,

 Wednesday, September 23, 2026

Voices Of Change In American History

Photograph of an individual whose strength and perseverance helped shape the struggle for abolition and civil rights. His name was Booker T. Washington

Tuskegee Institute and Education

 

One path towards change that came through education is the Tuskegee Institute, which was founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881. The school opened with only 30 students and had no permanent building. Washington and his students had to literally build the campus themselves. Tuskegee focused mainly on practical and hands-on education, giving students the skills needed to build successful lives and strengthen their communities. Over time, graduates helped to establish schools across the South, and the institution became known for educating Black professionals and the famous Tuskegee Airmen. Today, Tuskegee University remains a symbol of perseverance and the belief that education can create lasting opportunities.

How Ideas Shaped Social Change

Stories also played a very important role in shaping public opinion, which was the most necessary part for social change. One example is Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, which helped many Americans see just what the human cost of slavery was. Rather than focusing only on politics, the novel was able to tell stories of families facing separation, suffering, and injustice. The book became one of the most influential works of its time and helped strengthen support for the abolitionist movement. It showed that stories can often inspire change by connecting people to real human experiences.

The push for equality expanded far beyond slavery. In 1848, reformers gathered at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York to advocate for women's rights. The meeting produced the Declaration of Sentiments, which declared that all men and women are created equal. Frederick Douglass attended the convention and strongly supported women's suffrage, helping secure approval for the resolution calling for voting rights.

Conclusion

    At the same time, abolitionists continued challenging slavery through organizations such as the American Anti-Slavery Society. Leaders used speeches, newspapers, petitions, and public events to spread their message. The movement grew rapidly and helped make slavery a major national issue. Cases such as the Amistad rebellion, where kidnapped Africans fought for their freedom and ultimately won their case before the Supreme Court, further highlighted the importance of liberty and justice.

    Together, these stories remind us that education, activism, and determination can create meaningful change and expand opportunities for future generations.

AI disclosure: AI was used only for assistance in creating and formatting this blog post. I used my own notes for the post and told the AI not to expand and to give no more information or outside sources. I was the one who wrote the blog post and found all of the links myself. I also found the pictures and added them myself.

Moc Trial Blog Post Portion

 

Monday, September 21, 2026

Why I Believe John Mann Should Have Been Convicted: A Prosecutor's Perspective on State v. Mann

The Controversial Case of State V Mann.

Introduction

    As the attorney representing the State of North Carolina in State v. Mann, I believe the North Carolina Supreme Court should not overturn John Mann's conviction. Many will say that slavery is legal and that what John Mann did was protected by the law, but in North Carolina in the year 1829, a person is not allowed to use unlimited violence against another human being without facing consequences under the law, especially when that person does not own the slave who was harmed.

    The facts of this case are very clear. Lydia, an enslaved woman owned by Elizabeth Jones, had been hired out to John Mann. During his attempt to punish her, Lydia fled. Mann pursued her and shot her, leaving her wounded. A lower court has already found that his actions were excessive and convicted him of battery. 

As the State's attorney in this case, there is only one issue that the court must decide, and it is not whether slavery exists. But rather, it is whether there are legal limits on violence. I would argue that there must be and that there already is. If the law allows one person to shoot another without accountability simply because that person is enslaved, then the courts have abandoned their responsibility to protect justice and maintain public order.

A precedent that supports my position is the case of State v. Hall(1829). A case in which courts were willing to examine cases involving violence against enslaved people. If courts could review such cases, then courts clearly had the authority to determine when punishment becomes criminal conduct

Argument

    

    I would also like to state the fact that John Mann was not Lydia's owner. He had merely hired her from her owner. That distinction is the most important aspect of this case. Throughout American and English law, temporary possession does not create unlimited authority. A person renting or borrowing property cannot destroy it without consequence. Yet Mann injured Lydia by shooting her and then claimed that his position entitled him to complete immunity. The lower court has already correctly rejected that argument.

    Another reason I believe Mann should be convicted is that the Supreme Court's decision in this case, if not guilty, will create a dangerous precedent. If the courts recognize unlimited authority in this case, where does that authority end? If a person can shoot an enslaved woman and avoid criminal punishment, what prevents even greater acts of violence in the future? A legal system that places no limits on power invites abuse.

    I would further argue that if the decision today is not guilty, it will violate the spirit of constitutional principles that were meant to limit arbitrary power. Although enslaved people have tragically been denied many rights under the law during this time, the broader purpose of American government was to prevent unchecked authority. The idea that any individual could possess absolute power over another person runs contrary to these principles. While constitutional law does not provide equal protection to enslaved people, I believe the court should recognize that unlimited violence is inconsistent with the rule of law.

    What strikes me most about Judge Ruffin, a North Carolina Supreme Court Justice, in the case of State V. Hall was that he acknowledged how troubling the decision was. He admitted there was a struggle between his personal feelings and what he believed the law required. Yet he concluded that the institution of slavery depended upon absolute authority. In my view, that is exactly why the conviction should have been upheld. If a legal system requires unlimited violence to function, then the courts should question that system rather than strengthen it.

Conclusion

As the lawyer for the State of North Carolina, my conclusion is simple. John Mann should be convicted. The facts established that he shot Lydia. Earlier precedent such as State v. Hall showed that courts could review violence involving enslaved people. No individual should possess unlimited power, and no person should be above accountability for excessive violence. By overturning Mann's conviction, the North Carolina Supreme Court will have placed the institution of slavery above the principles of justice and legal responsibility.

AI Disclosure: I used Claude.ai as an assistant for research findings and for writing my blog post. I used key terms like "I am a college student" and "use professional style writing rather than heavy academic style" in my prompting for this script. I found and embedded the images, while Claude.ai wrote the script.

Fredrick Douglas Blog Post

Thursday, September 17, 2026

Fredrick Douglas: The Voice That Refused To Be Silent

Frederick Douglass in Scotland: Slavery, Speech and Political Awakening

I am Frederick Douglass

    Good evening, everyone. My name is Frederick Douglass, and I stand here at this town hall meeting as a man who was born into slavery in the state of Maryland around the year of 1818. I do not know my exact birthday because slavery has denied me and many others that right. As a child, I was separated from my mother and forced to do labor for others, and was treated as mere property rather than as a human being. Yet despite all of the circumstances I had to overcome, I was still able to learn how to read and write, and because of that, education it changed my life forever.

      As a young man, I was able to uncover many truths this world had to offer, but none more valuable than the truth that terrified slaveholders. That "Knowledge is what makes a man unfit to be a slave." Once I learned to read, I began to understand the injustice of slavery and the true meaning of freedom. That is why I have often said, "Once you learn to read, you will be forever free." As those words reflect my own experience and the power that education has to break chains that iron alone cannot hold. [frederick-...ritage.org]

Portrait taken of Frederick Dogulas while he was writing.

  Why I Oppose Slavery

    The reason I am speaking against slavery today is because I have lived it. I know what it means to see families separated, to feel the sting of the whip, and to be denied thoes rights that others can call God-given. Slavery is not merely an economic system. It is a moral wrong, and it strips any human beings involved of their dignity.

    
    Some will argue that slavery should continue because it is profitable or because it has existed for generations. I reject those arguments. No tradition can make injustice right. No amount of wealth can justify treating people as property. In my autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, I described the cruelty of slavery so that Americans could no longer ignore its reality.

My Message To The Nation

    Throughout my life, I have used speeches, books, and newspapers, all with the main purpose being that of challenging slavery. I have founded The North Star and an anti-slavery document because I believed the truth has to be spoken openly. As all silence does is protect oppression. 

    One lesson I learned is that freedom will never be handed to people willingly. As I once declared, "Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will." If we desire justice, we must be willing to struggle for it. That is why I also said, "If there is no struggle, there is no progress." I did not write these words merely for the people of my generation but for every generation that seeks liberty.

Photograph of Fredrick Douglas taken in Washington, DC

A Call To Action

    Today, I have one ask for you: choose freedom over slavery, justice over oppression, and equality over prejudice. I want you to judge slavery not by the wealth it creates for a few, but by the suffering it inflicts on millions.

    
If there is only one thing you leave with today, let it be these words. "Power concedes nothing without a demand." Let us demand freedom. Let us demand justice. And let us ensure that slavery is buried forever in the dustbin of history.''

AI Disclosure: I used Claude.ai as an assistant for research findings and for writing my script. I used key terms like "I am a college student" and "use professional style scripting rather than heavy academic style" in my prompting for this script. I found and embedded the images, while Claude.ai wrote the script.

Eight Values

 Thursday, September 10, 2026

Eight Values- Check On Governmental Power

The Founding Fathers dividing powers between the States and Federal Government 

 The eight values of free expression: I believe are huge parts of what shapes our government now and have huge impacts our daily lives. 

    Government checking power, also called the watchdog role, is one of the only things keeping our society somewhat normal today. 

    Compared to all of the eight values of expression, I believe that checking on Governmental power is the value that resonates most with me because without it, there will be a constant push for more and more power within government. Which in turn, would lean us farther and farther away from the system of government we currently have, where the power belongs to the people.

    One of the most important parts that goes into the checking of government power is the freedom of the press.  The freedom of the press serves one of, if not the largest, parts in checking government power, as while many people often think of the press as simply reporting the news, the press serves a much greater purpose. The free press helps keep government officials accountable by exposing abuses of power and informing the public about what their leaders are doing. It is one of the most powerful tools when it comes to checking government power and is a necessity in maintaining how we are informed and make decisions based on the information. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/vincent-blasi/ 

        

    

    History has also provided several examples of a watchdog-style role in action. Where the press and the public discover examples of the government trying to obtain more power. One of the most famous examples is the Watergate scandal during the 1970s. Where investigative journalists uncovered information about illegal activities connected to President Richard Nixon's administration. As more facts became public, citizens and governments were able to hold officials accountable. Watergate is one of the many cases that demonstrated how journalists can reveal abuses of power that might otherwise remain hidden from the public.https://www.fbi.gov/history/cases-and-criminals/watergate

    Another example of this could be the Iran-Contra affair, and then you also have the various investigations that involved President Bill Clinton's administration, which only further illustrate the importance of a free press. In each case, journalists helped to inform the public about actions taken by government officials. This gave citizens the chance to make a infromed opoion on the situatuon rather if they agreed or disagreed with the conclusions, the information also allowed them to participate in a democratic government with much greater knowledge.

    The watchdog role is not just limited to major political scandals. Reporters can and do regularly investigate issues involving public spending, government transparency, law enforcement practices, and ethical conduct by elected officials. These investigations help ensure that government actions remain visible to the people who have the power and ultimately grant the government authority.

  

  To conclude, the checking function reminds us that freedom of the press is about more than protecting journalists. It is about protecting the public's ability to monitor government power. When the press is free to investigate and report, citizens are able to better equipped to recognize examples of wrongdoing and demand accountability. Due to this the press is able to serve as one of if not the most important elements of mantaing checks and balances that in turn helps to preserve democratic government. As a final point, I believe that the free press is valuable because it helps check the abuse of power by public officials and keeps citizens informed about the actions of those who govern them. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/vincent-blasi/ 

Bible Team Challenge

Tuesday, September 8, 2026

Bible Team Challenge 

  

The Bible and it views on Slavery

 Intro

    In class today, we were asked to find religious arguments in favor of slavery and religious arguments against it. In this blog post, we will establish how traditional religions like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all viewed slavery. Throughout this blog post, we will talk about how these religions' views on slavery have changed and/or progressed over time. Ultimately, we will explore each religious argument, what they believed, and how those beliefs have changed or stayed the same over time.

Slavery & Religion

Pro Slavery 

    One of the main arguments that I can make for the bible being pro-slavery, mainly in the 1800s, is that, in the Bible, slavery had been accepted by many religions and was seen as something righteous. Take, for instance, both the religions Judaism and Christianity, where believers in these religions often point to biblical passages that allow slavery rather than banning it. For example, Leviticus 25:44-46 states that the Israelites could acquire slaves from surrounding nations and pass them down as inherited property. [biblegateway.com]

    Also, to further expand on the bible supporting slavery, you can point to Ephesians 6:5-6, where Paul instructs slaves to obey their earthly masters. Given this information, it is very easy to argue that if slavery were against God's will, the Bible would have directly condemned it instead of giving instructions about how slaves should behave and how their masters can treat them. [biblegateway.com]

    In Islam, slavery was also historically permitted and regulated, much as it was in other ancient societies. For centuries, followers of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam generally viewed slavery as a legal and accepted institution.

    But over time, like many things, people's interpretation of these texts has changed. Take, for instance, the abolitionist movement, where many Christians argued that the Bible's larger message was about justice, freedom, and human dignity. Rather than focusing on verses that regulated slavery, they focused on principles of equality and love for others.

Today, most Christians reject slavery and view the Bible's teachings about human worth and freedom as being incompatible with the practice. This debate shows how religious texts can be interpreted differently as societies and moral values change over time.

  Slavery

   Anti Slavery

    One of the most compelling arguments in favor of the Bible’s opposition to slavery in the 1800s is that it portrays freedom as a virtue that is supported by several different religions. Those who adhere to the religions of Christianity and Judaism, for instance, frequently cite biblical passages that prohibit the practice of human trafficking. It is written in Exodus 21:16 that anyone who kidnaps and sells another person should be put to death according to the law. Galatians 3:28, which emphasizes that all people are one in Christ Jesus, provides additional support for the Bible’s position that it is against slavery. If the institution of slavery had been in accordance with the will of God, the Bible would not have protected fugitives from their owners but rather would have returned them to them.

Islam has, in the past, worked to abolish and discourage the practice of slavery.

Throughout the centuries, the emancipation of slaves was regarded as a sacred act in the religions of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. On the other hand, interpretations of these texts have developed over the course of time. 

The movement that advocated for slavery asserted that the Bible placed a higher value on legal rules and hierarchy than it did on equality. 

As a result of their belief that it is incompatible with the teachings of the Bible regarding freedom and human worth, the majority of Christians in today’s society are opposed to the institution of slavery.

 The following discussion illustrates how different

interpretations of religious texts can be made in response to shifting moral standards and societal norms. 

                                                        Church View on Slavery

    

Conclusion

    In conclusion, the 1800s slavery argument demonstrates how traditions were used to support and refute slavery. Biblical verses regarding hierarchy and legal restrictions were cited by pro-slavery activists, while verses about freedom, equality, and the ban on kidnapping were cited by anti-slavery activists. Both sides thought they were right and were adhering to their religions.  This relates to our study question that religious texts were understood variously in response to shifting social norms and moral standards rather than having a single, unchanging meaning.

AI DISCLOSURE: AI was used in a limited way in the assignment; I took ample notes while watching a twenty-minute video about the US Supreme Court. I then personalized those notes by adding my point of view, for example, things I learned or found surprising.  I then used Claude.AI to help me clean up the text for grammar, spelling, and punctuation, and I also asked the tool to help me shape it into the form of a blog post.  I then edited the text, added links, and added images with captions.